Health Information & Coding · Independent exam preparation
Certified Medical Publication Professional (CMPP) Study Guide
Practise evidence selection, publication planning, author review, and ethical disclosure through 60 focused CMPP concepts, original questions, and active recall cards.
By CertMedbry · Updated 29 October 2026
Learn to choose publishable evidence, match publications to audience needs, manage author review, and resolve disclosure and integrity problems. This selective guide develops 60 practical concepts across the three equally represented CMPP competency domains. Section 6.1 of the August 2026 Candidate Handbook, read with ISMPP’s linked 2026 study guide, defines the full examination scope. Use that official outline to identify additional study needs beyond these lessons.
Try 20 free practice questionsWhat is the exam format?
Check the question types, timing and outline before planning your revision.
How many questions are on the CMPP examination, and how long is it?
The August 2026 Candidate Handbook specifies 150 multiple-choice questions and three hours. The stated time includes accessing and becoming familiar with the examination system; additional time is not added once the examination begins. The supplied official information does not identify a separate scored-question and pretest-question breakdown.
How is the examination delivered, and is it adaptive?
The examination is computer based and delivered through Pearson VUE at approved test centres or through OnVUE remote proctoring, subject to location and technical restrictions. The cited issuer materials do not describe computer-adaptive delivery. They verify multiple-choice questions but do not establish additional item styles or a universal number of answer options.
ISMPP — Examination Details and Preparation · CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026
Which blueprint does this guide follow?
It follows section 6.1 of the Candidate Handbook updated August 2026, corroborated by ISMPP’s linked 2026 Certification Examination Study Guide. The study guide states equal question distribution across Develop a Publication Plan, Implement a Publication Plan, and Foster Ethical and Compliant Behavior in Publications. Each domain therefore represents one-third, calculated as 33⅓%. No separate blueprint effective date is stated in the supplied evidence.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · CMPP Certification Examination Study Guide — 2026 linked file
What passing score is documented?
The handbook states that 650 is the passing point on a scaled score ranging from 0 to 900. This is not a percentage correct. Expert standard setting determines the raw passing requirement, and scaling supports comparability across examination forms. ISMPP reports pass/fail status within four to six weeks after the testing window closes.
Do the eligibility options lead to different CMPP examinations?
Both documented eligibility options lead to the same CMPP examination. Option A combines a bachelor’s degree or accepted equivalent with 4,000 qualifying employment hours. Option B combines a high school diploma or accepted equivalent with 10,000 qualifying hours. These are eligibility routes, not different certification levels, clinical specialties, or examination variants.
When can candidates take the examination, and where do local restrictions matter?
The handbook describes March and September testing windows. The supplied issuer webpage lists the next examination as March 1–31, 2027, with a February 1, 2027 application deadline. Test-centre and remote availability depend on location. Review current Pearson authorization and OnVUE requirements before scheduling; the handbook identifies jurisdictions where online delivery is unavailable or testing is suspended.
ISMPP — Examination Details and Preparation · CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026
How should candidates use this guide’s questions and cards?
The guide contains 20 concepts per domain. Its 20 questions and 20 flashcards each use a practical 7/7/6 domain allocation to approximate equal weighting. The questions are original, independent four-option single-best-answer drills, not a full-length examination or adaptive simulator. Results identify learning needs and do not predict certification outcomes.
CMPP Certification Examination Study Guide — 2026 linked file · ISMPP CMPP Study Resources and Practice Tests
CMPP is ISMPP’s voluntary professional certification for medical publication professionals. It assesses applied publication planning, execution, and ethical practice; it does not confer a clinical licence. These independently authored learning materials are not official ISMPP examination items or endorsed preparation materials.
Outline used: Current linked CMPP Candidate Handbook, updated August 2026, section 6.1; corroborated by ISMPP's linked 2026 Certification Examination Study Guide. Verified on 2026-10-11. No separate blueprint effective date was stated in the inspected documents.
60 key concepts: understand, apply and avoid the traps
Work through the questions by exam domain. Explain the answer in your own words, try the example, then check the common pitfall.
Develop a Publication Plan33⅓% (equal allocation stated by ISMPP)
1.How should a landscape search begin?
Begin with a defined scientific question, population, intervention or exposure, relevant outcomes, and time horizon. A useful landscape search combines pertinent literature with knowledge of the development programme and competing evidence. Record search boundaries so that apparent gaps can be distinguished from omissions in the search. The decision is whether existing evidence answers the audience’s question, not simply whether many papers mention the therapy.
Apply it
A team plans a publication about treatment persistence. Its search finds many efficacy trials but little persistence research. Before declaring a gap, the planner adds persistence synonyms, observational designs, and relevant populations, then documents the revised search.
Common pitfall: Counting search results can create false confidence. A large literature may still omit the population, outcome, setting, or follow-up period that matters to the audience.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
2.What makes an evidence gap actionable?
An actionable evidence gap connects an unanswered scientific question to an identifiable audience need and an appropriate source of data. Map what is known, what remains uncertain, and whether available analyses can address that uncertainty. Distinguish a communication gap, where evidence exists but is difficult to access or understand, from a research gap requiring new data. Publication planning can improve dissemination; it cannot manufacture missing evidence.
Apply it
Clinicians request long-term outcomes, but only short-term data exist. Patients also struggle to understand an existing outcomes paper. The planner separates a future research need from an immediate plain language communication opportunity rather than treating both as manuscript projects.
Common pitfall: An attractive topic is not automatically a publishable gap. Repackaging existing findings cannot answer a question that requires longer follow-up or different measurements.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
3.How does study design limit a publication claim?
The strength and wording of a claim must reflect how the data were generated. In observational research, treatment groups may differ in prognostic factors that also influence outcomes; this can confound an association. A publication should explain the design, measured confounders, analytic approach, and remaining limitations. A lower observed event rate alone does not establish that the exposure caused the difference, even when the association is statistically significant.
Apply it
An observational comparison finds fewer events among users of one therapy, who are also younger. The planner requests an explanation of confounding control and residual limitations before accepting a communication claim that attributes the difference entirely to treatment.
Common pitfall: A small P value does not remove confounding. Statistical evidence of association cannot substitute for an appropriate design and defensible causal interpretation.
CDC Field Epidemiology Manual — Analyzing and Interpreting Data · ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
4.Which data are ready for publication planning?
A data inventory should identify the study, scientific question, available outputs, analysis status, responsible experts, and expected readiness. Readiness means that the proposed publication can be supported by sufficiently complete, traceable information and appropriately reviewed analyses. It is different from an appealing preliminary signal. Link each proposed output to the evidence it needs, and make unresolved data or analysis dependencies visible before committing to submission dates.
Apply it
A congress deadline is approaching, but the proposed abstract depends on an unfinished analysis. The planner records the outstanding dependency, confirms the analyst’s realistic delivery date, and considers a later venue rather than promising a submission based on provisional numbers.
Common pitfall: A slide deck containing results is not proof of readiness. Unresolved analysis definitions or inaccessible supporting sources can undermine an otherwise polished publication proposal.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
5.How should publication priorities handle unfavourable results?
Prioritization should consider scientific importance, completeness, audience need, and appropriate timing rather than whether results favour a sponsor. Negative or inconclusive findings can change the understanding of benefits, risks, or remaining uncertainty. Include them in the evidence inventory and dissemination plan. The appropriate publication form may vary, but an unfavourable outcome is not an ethical reason to remove a study from consideration or indefinitely postpone reporting.
Apply it
A completed trial misses its primary objective while an exploratory analysis looks promising. The planner retains the full trial report as a priority and presents the exploratory result in its proper context rather than replacing the primary report.
Common pitfall: Publishing only favourable analyses distorts the evidence base. Limited resources justify transparent sequencing decisions, not selective disappearance of results that challenge a preferred narrative.
6.Why must prespecified and exploratory analyses be distinguished?
Prespecified analyses address questions defined before examination of the relevant results; exploratory analyses develop or investigate additional hypotheses. This distinction affects interpretation because searching many outcomes or subgroups can produce apparently striking findings by chance. A publication plan should preserve the original study objectives while identifying legitimate additional questions. Label exploratory work clearly and avoid presenting a result selected after inspection as though it were the study’s original confirmatory purpose.
Apply it
After reviewing trial results, investigators identify a subgroup with a larger apparent effect. The planner proposes an explicitly exploratory analysis and ensures that the primary report retains the prespecified population and objectives, with clear discussion of uncertainty.
Common pitfall: A persuasive biological explanation does not retrospectively make an analysis prespecified. The timing and documentation of the analytic decision remain important interpretive cues.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
7.When are cross-study comparisons misleading?
Studies can differ in populations, outcome definitions, follow-up, comparators, and analytic methods. These differences may explain apparent contrasts between their results. Before incorporating a comparative claim into a publication plan, establish whether the evidence supports that comparison and what assumptions are required. Separate studies showing different event rates do not automatically establish comparative superiority. A defensible landscape synthesis describes important differences instead of treating every numerical contrast as a treatment effect.
Apply it
One trial reports events over six months and another over two years in a higher-risk population. A planner rejects a proposed superiority headline based on their percentages and requests a qualified synthesis describing the different settings and follow-up.
Common pitfall: Side-by-side percentages can look like a direct comparison. Common outcome labels do not guarantee comparable definitions, populations, observation periods, or estimates.
CDC Field Epidemiology Manual — Analyzing and Interpreting Data · ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
8.How do audience needs change publication objectives?
Define the decisions and uncertainties of each intended audience before choosing an output. Researchers may need reproducible methods, clinicians may need interpretable outcomes and limitations, and patients may need understandable explanations of the research question and findings. These are starting hypotheses to test, not fixed stereotypes. The same evidence can support different communication formats, but its meaning and limitations must remain consistent across audiences and must not exceed the underlying data.
Apply it
A team proposes the same technical slide set for investigators and a patient advisory group. The planner first asks what each group needs to understand, then proposes a detailed methods resource and an accessible summary grounded in the same findings.
Common pitfall: Changing vocabulary alone may not meet an audience’s needs. The relevant question, detail, accessibility, and delivery context also determine whether communication is useful.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
9.Why involve patients when defining information needs?
Patient involvement can reveal questions, terminology problems, and communication barriers that publication teams overlook. A useful approach asks patients or advocates to explain what information would help them understand the research and how proposed materials could be improved. Their involvement should have a defined purpose and appropriate support. Participation can shape communication priorities without changing what the study measured or allowing unsupported claims about outcomes that participants consider important.
Apply it
A patient group says a proposed summary explains a scale’s name but not what changes on the scale mean. The planner arranges clarification using supported study information and records the feedback for future communications and research planning.
Common pitfall: Patient consultation is not evidence that an unmeasured benefit occurred. Valuable experiential input and study results have different roles in a scientifically accurate publication.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
10.What belongs within a publication plan’s scope?
Scope identifies the studies or programme covered, scientific objectives, intended audiences, publication outputs, planning horizon, and relevant boundaries. Clear scope allows proposed additions to be evaluated against purpose, evidence, resources, and overlap. It also distinguishes a programme-level strategy from the management of one manuscript. A practical scope statement explains which questions the plan will address and how additional requests will be assessed rather than promising every possible output.
Apply it
A plan covers two completed studies and their primary reports. A stakeholder requests an unrelated review article. The planner evaluates its scientific purpose, audience, resources, and relationship to the existing scope before proposing a documented scope change.
Common pitfall: An expanding list of deliverables is not a coherent scope. Unexamined additions can consume review capacity and delay more important reporting obligations.
11.Which expertise should a steering committee include?
Select publication steering committee expertise to match the questions and data requiring advice. Clinical, methodological, outcomes, or patient perspectives may be useful depending on the programme. The GPP FAQ explains that relevant real-world evidence, health economics, or patient-reported outcome expertise should be included when the work would benefit from it. Representation should serve scientific oversight; committee membership is not a reward, an automatic authorship entitlement, or a substitute for manuscript-specific accountability.
Apply it
A programme includes patient-reported outcomes and resource-use analyses. Its proposed committee contains only disease specialists. The planner recommends outcomes and health economics expertise because those analyses require advice beyond the committee’s existing scientific coverage.
Common pitfall: Prestige does not guarantee the needed expertise. Conversely, adding every possible discipline can enlarge a committee without improving decisions about its actual publications.
12.How should steering committee decisions be governed?
A practical governance arrangement defines purpose, membership, responsibilities, meeting preparation, decision documentation, and routes for resolving disagreements. This helps a committee provide consistent advice across related publications. The GPP FAQ does not require a separate steering committee for every study; a publication working group can sometimes perform the necessary functions. Whatever structure is chosen, programme advice must preserve qualified authors’ responsibility for their individual manuscripts and scientific interpretations.
Apply it
Two groups propose overlapping papers from the same study. The planner brings the research questions and existing plan to the designated committee, records its advice and rationale, and ensures that manuscript authors retain responsibility for their eventual reports.
Common pitfall: Committee approval does not replace author approval. A programme governance decision cannot satisfy an individual author’s responsibility to review and approve the manuscript.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors
13.How does a scientific communication platform support consistency?
A scientific communication platform organizes important scientific themes, supporting evidence, and qualifications so related publications remain coherent. A useful implementation links each proposed statement to its source and identifies limits on population, endpoint, or interpretation. The platform should guide accurate communication rather than predetermine conclusions. If a statement requires evidence that does not exist, revise the statement or identify a research need instead of treating repetition across outputs as validation.
Apply it
A platform describes a benefit as sustained, but the supporting study has only short follow-up. The planner narrows the wording to the observed period and identifies longer-term evidence as a separate need before related manuscripts adopt the statement.
Common pitfall: Internal agreement does not validate a claim. A widely reused platform statement still needs evidence that supports its exact wording and qualifications.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
14.When should a communication platform be revised?
Review a communication platform when new evidence, corrected analyses, changed scientific understanding, or newly identified audience needs affect its statements. Compare the new information with existing claims and their supporting sources. Revision may require narrowing, qualifying, or removing a statement, including one previously central to the plan. A useful record identifies what changed, why it changed, and which planned materials depend on the affected interpretation.
Apply it
A new study challenges a general statement used in several planned publications. The planner convenes scientific review, updates the statement with appropriate uncertainty, and identifies drafts requiring revision before their authors approve the next versions.
Common pitfall: A platform is not protected from revision because stakeholders approved it earlier. Prior approval cannot outweigh material evidence that changes the scientific interpretation.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
15.How should tactics connect to scientific objectives?
A tactic is a specific communication activity chosen to advance an identified scientific objective for an audience. Connect each proposed manuscript, congress presentation, or enhanced communication to its research question, evidence, intended readers, and purpose. This makes it possible to compare value and resource needs. A tactical plan should show why an output exists, not merely how many outputs can be produced from a dataset or within a budget.
Apply it
Stakeholders request three additional abstracts without identifying new questions. The planner asks what each would add, which audience needs it would meet, and whether the evidence supports distinct contributions before adding any abstract to the tactical plan.
Common pitfall: Publication volume is not a scientific objective. Producing more outputs can increase overlap and workload without increasing the information available to readers.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ICMJE — Overlapping Publications
16.How should related abstracts and manuscripts be sequenced?
Map related outputs to their data, questions, deadlines, and disclosure obligations. An abstract or meeting presentation may precede a full report, but journal and congress policies still need to be checked. Distinguish preliminary dissemination from a complete manuscript and identify related material transparently. Plan primary and additional analyses so readers can understand their relationship, while allowing adequate time for data review and avoiding unnecessary duplication of the same findings.
Apply it
A study has a scheduled congress presentation and a planned manuscript submission. The planner checks prior-presentation and embargo policies, records the relationship between outputs, and ensures that the manuscript provides the complete report rather than copying the abstract’s limited detail.
Common pitfall: Earlier presentation does not automatically prohibit journal publication or guarantee eligibility. The type of prior dissemination and the destination’s stated policies matter.
ICMJE — Overlapping Publications · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
17.Which factors determine journal suitability?
Evaluate journal scope, intended readership, article types, reporting requirements, editorial practices, access arrangements, and practical constraints against the manuscript’s purpose. Verify the journal’s integrity and published policies rather than relying on unsolicited invitations or a single metric. A journal can be reputable yet poorly matched to a paper. Select a defensible destination with authors, recognizing that editorial acceptance depends on the journal’s assessment and cannot be guaranteed.
Apply it
A specialist study fits a journal read by its intended clinicians, while a higher-profile journal rarely publishes that design. The planner compares scope, readership, and article requirements with the authors before recommending a submission strategy and a suitable alternative.
Common pitfall: A journal-level metric does not establish a particular article’s quality or audience fit. Promised rapid acceptance is also not evidence of sound editorial review.
ICMJE — Responsibilities in the Submission and Peer-Review Process · CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026
18.How should congress selection account for timing and policy?
Choose a congress by scientific relevance, audience, available presentation formats, submission requirements, data readiness, and dissemination policies. Work backward from the deadline through analysis completion, drafting, review, and approval. Check rules for prior presentation, publication, and embargoes because these affect related outputs. A well-matched meeting is unsuitable for a particular submission if its schedule cannot accommodate accurate reporting and genuine author participation.
Apply it
A relevant congress closes submissions before the study’s final analysis will be available. The planner compares an authorized later-data route, if offered, with another meeting and rejects a schedule that assumes authors can approve unavailable results.
Common pitfall: A prestigious deadline cannot make incomplete data final. Planning pressure does not justify inventing results, bypassing review, or ignoring congress dissemination policies.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
19.How do dependencies shape a realistic tactical schedule?
Identify tasks that must finish before others can proceed, including analysis, source availability, author input, permissions, review, and submission preparation. Estimate capacity as well as elapsed time: several simultaneous publications may compete for the same statistician or authors. A practical schedule makes dependencies and contingencies explicit. When a prerequisite moves, reassess downstream dates and resources rather than preserving an impossible deadline by silently removing necessary scientific work.
Apply it
Two manuscripts require the same analyst during one week. The planner identifies the resource conflict, agrees a sequence based on scientific priorities, and updates review dates so both author groups receive complete analyses before their approval requests.
Common pitfall: Parallel calendar entries do not prove that tasks can run concurrently. A shared expert or unfinished analysis may constrain several publications at once.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
20.Which enhanced communication format best serves an audience?
Choose enhanced communication formats by audience need, scientific complexity, accessibility, available resources, and journal or congress options. The GPP FAQ recognizes that a brief plain language abstract may be sufficient; an expensive video is not inherently more useful. Preserve the underlying findings, qualifications, and connection to the scientific report. As formats evolve, assess whether they improve understandable access to evidence rather than selecting them solely because they are fashionable.
Apply it
A team proposes an elaborate animation for a short study report. Audience feedback instead favours a concise plain language summary with clearly explained numbers. The planner selects the simpler format and confirms that the destination permits it.
Common pitfall: Visual appeal does not establish understanding. A new format can obscure uncertainty or exclude readers unless content, accessibility, and audience use are considered.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026
Implement a Publication Plan33⅓% (equal allocation stated by ISMPP)
21.When should potential authors be engaged?
Engage potential authors early enough for substantive participation in the scientific report. Discuss the publication question, expected contributions, access to supporting data, review responsibilities, and applicable authorship criteria. Early engagement allows contributors to shape interpretation rather than merely approve a finished document. Individuals who meet ICMJE’s substantial-contribution criterion should have the opportunity to participate in drafting or critical review and final approval; excluding them from those opportunities can improperly prevent qualification.
Apply it
A local investigator contributed important data and interpretation but was omitted from drafting discussions. The publication professional invites meaningful participation in manuscript development and explains the remaining authorship responsibilities rather than treating the existing draft as a closed process.
Common pitfall: An invitation to lend a name is not author engagement. Equally, a substantial contributor should not be denied the opportunity to meet remaining criteria.
22.How should contributions and author order be reassessed?
Authorship arrangements should reflect actual contributions as the work develops. Record who performed relevant intellectual work and revisit eligibility when responsibilities change. Under ICMJE recommendations, authors collectively determine byline order; seniority or organizational rank alone does not decide it. After submission, requests to add or remove an author require an explanation and agreement from the listed authors and the person concerned, through the journal’s process.
Apply it
A statistician becomes substantially involved in interpretation and critical manuscript review after the initial author discussion. The publication professional asks the group to reassess eligibility against all criteria and collectively review the byline before submission.
Common pitfall: An early author list is not an irrevocable contract. Changes must follow contribution evidence and appropriate agreement rather than convenience, prestige, or unilateral managerial instruction.
23.What does the corresponding author coordinate?
The corresponding author takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during submission, peer review, and publication, and remains available afterward. Typical coordination includes authorship information, ethics approval documentation, trial registration, and disclosure requirements. Administrative tasks may be delegated, but delegation does not transfer every author’s scientific accountability. Distinguish managing journal correspondence from being the only person responsible for reviewing or approving the work.
Apply it
An editorial office asks for missing disclosure forms and clarification of registration details. The corresponding author coordinates responses, while the publication professional helps track documents and the relevant authors confirm the scientific and personal information supplied.
Common pitfall: The person uploading files is not automatically the corresponding author. Administrative assistance does not confer the author role or remove the designated author’s responsibilities.
24.Why must authors have access to supporting data?
Authors need the ability to review the data supporting reported results so they can assess accuracy and interpretation. ICMJE recommends expressly providing that access in sponsored-research agreements. In academic–nonacademic collaborations, at least one academic author should have accessed primary data and be able to participate in analysis. Access should be timely and meaningful; a polished summary alone may not answer an author’s legitimate question about an underlying result.
Apply it
An author questions a subgroup denominator but receives only a presentation slide. The publication professional arranges access to the relevant analysis outputs and responsible analyst, enabling the author to examine the result before approving the manuscript.
Common pitfall: Access is not satisfied by telling authors that someone else checked the numbers. Accountability requires a genuine opportunity to review the evidence supporting the report.
ICMJE — Clinical Trials · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
25.How does an evidence-linked outline improve drafting?
An outline can connect the research objective, planned sections, key results, relevant tables, and supporting references before full prose is developed. This exposes unsupported conclusions and missing information early. For original research, the Introduction explains the question, Methods explain the approach, Results report findings, and Discussion interprets them with limitations. Linking statements to their sources also helps reviewers distinguish study evidence from background literature and author interpretation.
Apply it
A draft outline claims improved resource use, but the study collected no economic outcomes. The writer flags the missing support during outline review, allowing authors to remove the claim before it spreads into the abstract and discussion.
Common pitfall: A fluent outline can still contain unsupported conclusions. Agreement about structure does not replace checking whether each proposed scientific statement has an appropriate evidentiary basis.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
26.What makes a methods section reproducible?
A methods section should explain how and why the study was performed with enough detail for a knowledgeable reader with the data to understand and reproduce the analysis. Include participant selection, measurements, outcomes, statistical methods, and relevant software details. Distinguish prespecified from exploratory work. Results discovered during the study do not belong disguised as original methods. Appropriate detail supports evaluation of the findings rather than simply making the manuscript longer.
Apply it
A manuscript states only that standard statistical methods were used. During review, the publication professional requests the actual model, included variables, analysis population, handling of relevant data issues, and software details from the authors and statistician.
Common pitfall: Naming software does not describe an analysis. Readers still need the analytical approach and definitions that determine how the reported estimates were produced.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
27.How is a risk ratio calculated and described?
A risk ratio divides the risk in one defined group by the risk in the comparison group. Calculate each risk using that group’s event count and population at risk over the stated period. A ratio of one indicates equal observed risks; values below or above one indicate lower or higher risk in the numerator group. State the comparison direction, because reversing the groups produces the reciprocal and changes the wording.
Apply it
In a hypothetical cohort, 12 of 200 exposed participants and 24 of 200 unexposed participants experience an event. The risk ratio is 0.06 divided by 0.12, or 0.50, describing half the observed risk in the exposed group.
Common pitfall: Dividing event counts works only accidentally when denominators are equal. A risk ratio also does not, by itself, establish causation or quantify statistical uncertainty.
CDC Field Epidemiology Manual — Analyzing and Interpreting Data
28.Why report effect size and uncertainty together?
Effect size describes the magnitude of a finding, while a confidence interval conveys information about its precision and the range compatible with the statistical method’s assumptions. A P value alone provides neither the magnitude nor a complete account of uncertainty. Report estimates with appropriate intervals and distinguish statistical from clinical importance. Interpretation should consider the study objective, design, outcome, and limitations rather than reducing a result to whether a threshold was crossed.
Apply it
Two abstracts report the same P value but very different estimated effects and confidence intervals. The reviewer requests the estimates and intervals in both abstracts so readers can assess magnitude and precision rather than relying on identical significance labels.
Common pitfall: Statistically significant does not automatically mean clinically important. Conversely, a non-significant estimate does not prove equivalence, absence of effect, or adequate precision.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal · CDC Field Epidemiology Manual — Analyzing and Interpreting Data
29.How should an abstract be reconciled with the full report?
The abstract should accurately reflect the manuscript’s objective, methods, main findings, important limitations, and supported conclusions. Reconcile its numbers and wording after revisions to the main text, tables, and analyses. Check population definitions, denominators, time points, effect estimates, and analysis status rather than matching isolated digits. Because many readers see only the abstract, overstated conclusions or outdated results there can materially misrepresent an otherwise accurate article.
Apply it
Authors revise the analysis population and update the results table, but the abstract retains the earlier denominator. Before submission, the publication professional compares the abstract against the final outputs and routes the corrected version for author approval.
Common pitfall: An abstract is not an independent promotional summary. Its brevity does not justify omitting a qualification that changes the interpretation of the main finding.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
30.Which details make tables and figures interpretable?
Tables and figures should identify the population, outcome, units, time point, and relevant denominators or uncertainty. Their legends and notes should allow readers to understand the display without guessing essential definitions. Report absolute numbers alongside derived percentages where appropriate and ensure consistency with the text. Choose displays that clarify findings rather than duplicate every result. A visually convincing graphic remains misleading if its labels conceal what was measured or compared.
Apply it
A figure shows response percentages without explaining that denominators vary by visit. The reviewer asks for visit-specific sample sizes and an explanation of the analysis population, then checks that the accompanying text uses the same definitions.
Common pitfall: Matching bar heights to source percentages is insufficient quality control. Missing denominators, unclear units, or unexplained populations can change what readers believe the figure demonstrates.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
31.When is STROBE the appropriate reporting framework?
STROBE supports reporting of observational research, particularly cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. Its purpose is to help authors explain what was planned, done, found, and interpreted so readers can assess the work. Use the relevant checklist during drafting and review to identify reporting omissions. STROBE is neither a prescription for study design nor an instrument for scoring methodological quality; complete reporting can reveal limitations without eliminating them.
Apply it
A team preparing a cohort manuscript uses STROBE to review its reporting. A stakeholder then calls the study high quality because every item is addressed. The publication professional explains that reporting completeness and methodological quality require different judgments.
Common pitfall: Checklist completion does not prove freedom from bias. A clearly reported study may still have confounding, selection problems, or other important methodological limitations.
STROBE — Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
32.How does PRISMA improve review reporting?
PRISMA 2020 provides reporting checklists, an abstract checklist, and flow-diagram templates for systematic reviews. The flow diagram helps explain movement through identification, screening, retrieval, eligibility assessment, and inclusion. Keep records, reports, and studies distinct: one study may generate multiple reports. Reconcile counts against the review’s actual tracking information. A plausible-looking diagram is insufficient if its categories conceal unavailable reports, excluded studies, or multiple publications from the same study.
Apply it
A review includes 20 reports describing 16 studies. The writer preserves both counts and checks the flow diagram against screening records rather than changing the study count to 20 merely to make the diagram appear simpler.
Common pitfall: Reports and studies are not interchangeable counting units. A flow diagram summarizes selection; it cannot correct an undocumented or inconsistently applied review process.
33.How do writer quality control and author data checks differ?
Writer quality control can check numerical consistency, references, source traceability, formatting, and agreement across document components. The GPP FAQ distinguishes that work from the final data check, which named authors should perform because they are responsible and accountable for data integrity. A medical writer may supervise or perform earlier quality control without replacing author responsibility. If the writer is also a qualified author, the author role carries the corresponding obligations.
Apply it
A writer completes a detailed source check and finds no discrepancies. The project manager still arranges the named authors’ final data review, supplying the checked manuscript and relevant outputs rather than marking author verification unnecessary.
Common pitfall: A thorough writer check does not transfer accountability away from authors. Equally, reserving final checks for authors does not prohibit earlier writer quality control.
34.What constitutes meaningful final approval?
Final approval concerns the version to be published and is an individual authorship responsibility. Use a clearly identified document version and provide authors an opportunity to examine substantive changes, including tables and relevant supplementary material. Approval of an earlier draft cannot automatically cover a later change in results or interpretation. A practical approval record connects each author’s explicit decision to the controlled version, rather than treating silence or programme-level sign-off as consent.
Apply it
All authors approve a draft, then a corrected analysis changes an estimate and conclusion. The publication professional circulates the revised manuscript with the changes explained and obtains approval of that version before proceeding with submission.
Common pitfall: Silence is not a reliable substitute for final approval. A deadline or previous approval does not establish agreement with materially changed results or conclusions.
35.How should conflicting review comments be resolved?
Separate factual corrections, scientific interpretation, presentation preferences, and policy requirements when consolidating comments. Route factual or analytical questions to the responsible experts, and leave scientific conclusions with the accountable authors. Record the resolution of material disagreements and update affected sections consistently. This approach prevents the loudest reviewer or latest comment from determining content without evidence. Administrative coordination should make decisions transparent rather than silently choosing between incompatible scientific positions.
Apply it
One reviewer wants an exploratory finding called definitive; another requests qualification. The publication professional presents the analysis history and supporting outputs to the authors, records their evidence-based resolution, and checks the abstract and discussion for consistent wording.
Common pitfall: Combining incompatible comments can create a scientifically incoherent compromise. Agreement is useful only when the resulting statement remains accurate and supported by the analysis.
ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019 · ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors
36.What should submission preparation include?
Submission preparation aligns the approved manuscript and associated materials with the destination’s requirements. Check the article type, abstract format, figures, disclosures, author details, registration information, reporting documents, and relevant permissions. ICMJE recommends submitting supplementary electronic material with the primary manuscript for simultaneous peer review. Supplementary placement does not exempt scientific content from review. Ensure the submitted package matches what authors approved and accurately identifies related dissemination.
Apply it
An extensive methods appendix is ready, but the team plans to send it only after acceptance. The publication professional includes it with the initial submission so reviewers can evaluate the details supporting the manuscript’s findings.
Common pitfall: A complete main-text file does not necessarily make a complete submission. Missing supplements or inconsistent disclosures can impair scientific assessment and delay editorial processing.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
37.How should authors respond to peer review?
Prepare a response that addresses each substantive reviewer point, explains changes, and identifies their locations. Authors may disagree with a request when they provide a reasoned scientific explanation; automatic agreement is unnecessary. Additional analyses must be described accurately, including whether they were exploratory. Keep the response letter, manuscript, tables, and supplements consistent, and obtain author review of material revisions. Peer review improves assessment but does not transfer accountability to reviewers.
Apply it
A reviewer requests an unplanned subgroup analysis. Authors perform it and report its exploratory status and limitations. The response identifies the added results and explains why they do not replace the prespecified primary analysis.
Common pitfall: A reviewer’s request does not convert a post hoc analysis into a prespecified one. Nor does acceptance of a revision guarantee that its interpretation is correct.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal · ICMJE — Responsibilities in the Submission and Peer-Review Process
38.How should publication administration manage change?
Publication administration connects status, responsibilities, deadlines, resources, correspondence, and controlled documents. When scope or timing changes, record the reason, affected outputs, resource implications, and revised responsibilities. Accommodate contributors who cannot use a particular management system; GPP does not mandate specific software. A useful process preserves participation and an understandable decision history. Software activity alone does not establish that substantive review occurred or that an author approved the current version.
Apply it
An external author cannot access the sponsor’s portal. The coordinator provides a secure alternative review route and records the author’s comments and approval against the controlled version, maintaining participation without requiring an inaccessible product.
Common pitfall: System compliance is not the same as publication quality. A required tool should not become a barrier that excludes qualified authors from meaningful review.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
39.Which metrics answer different publication questions?
Choose metrics according to the objective being evaluated. Process measures describe execution, such as review turnaround or submission timing. Reach measures describe exposure, such as readership or downloads. Measures of understanding require evidence that the audience understood the information, rather than merely encountered it. Define the unit, denominator, observation period, and limitations. Tracking a large number does not make it an appropriate indicator of scientific quality, educational value, or patient benefit.
Apply it
A publication is submitted on time and receives many downloads. The team can report delivery and reach, but it uses a separate audience assessment to investigate whether readers understood a key limitation discussed in the paper.
Common pitfall: Downloads are not proof of comprehension or practice change. Process success and audience exposure answer different questions from learning, scientific influence, or health outcomes.
40.How should metrics and new requirements improve the plan?
Review metrics alongside the original objectives, audience, and changing publication environment. Investigate patterns rather than reacting to isolated numbers: slow reviews may reflect capacity problems, while limited reach may reflect poor audience fit or access barriers. Compare measures only when definitions and observation periods are compatible. Monitor new editorial or reporting requirements and update workflows accordingly. A useful review produces a justified decision about tactics, resources, or methods of evaluation.
Apply it
Several papers show delayed author reviews after the team adds an unfamiliar portal. The manager examines access problems and workload, introduces an accessible review route, and follows comparable turnaround measures to assess whether the change helps.
Common pitfall: A trend does not identify its cause automatically. Different article ages, audience sizes, metric definitions, or workflow changes can make apparent performance comparisons misleading.
CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026 · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
Foster Ethical and Compliant Behavior in Publications33⅓% (equal allocation stated by ISMPP)
41.How do GPP, editorial policies, and legal requirements interact?
GPP 2022 addresses good publication practice for company-sponsored biomedical research and updates earlier GPP versions, including GPP3 from 2015. Apply it alongside relevant laws, regulations, professional standards, and journal or congress policies. These sources serve different purposes: ethical guidance does not grant legal permission or override an editorial requirement. Identify the actual issue and governing rule rather than assuming that citing one familiar guideline resolves every publication decision.
Apply it
A payment is consistent with the general GPP principle of reasonable compensation, but a local rule restricts the proposed arrangement. The publication professional changes the arrangement to satisfy that rule rather than treating GPP as authorization.
Common pitfall: GPP3 is a historical guideline version, not another CMPP examination. A newer publication guideline also does not erase applicable local legal or editorial obligations.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Guidelines · ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
42.What are the four ICMJE authorship requirements?
ICMJE authorship requires all four elements: substantial contribution to conception or design, or data acquisition, analysis, or interpretation; drafting or critical intellectual review; approval of the final version; and agreement to accountability for the work’s accuracy and integrity. The requirements are cumulative. Funding acquisition, general supervision, or editing alone is insufficient. Those meeting the substantial-contribution criterion should have opportunities to meet the drafting or review and final-approval requirements.
Apply it
A department head obtained funding but made no other contribution. An investigator designed the study, critically reviews the paper, approves the final version, and accepts accountability. Assess the investigator as eligible and the department head for appropriate acknowledgment.
Common pitfall: One impressive contribution does not satisfy all four requirements. Equally, withholding review opportunities from substantial contributors can unfairly exclude people who could qualify.
43.How do guest authorship and ghostwriting undermine transparency?
Guest authorship credits someone who does not meet the applicable authorship criteria, while concealed qualifying authors or undisclosed writing contributions obscure who performed the work. Assess contributions directly rather than assuming that employment, payment, or professional title decides eligibility. A medical writer who meets all criteria may qualify as an author; a writer who does not should receive an accurate acknowledgment of assistance and relevant support. Transparent attribution makes responsibility and involvement visible.
Apply it
A manuscript lists a prominent expert who only permitted use of their name and omits a writer’s substantial assistance. The publication professional requests a contribution-based byline assessment and accurate disclosure of the writer’s work and support.
Common pitfall: Acknowledging a writer does not cure guest authorship elsewhere on the byline. Conversely, paid writing assistance is not inherently unethical when attribution is accurate.
ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
44.Why obtain permission before acknowledging someone?
Acknowledgment can imply that a named individual endorses the study’s data or conclusions. ICMJE therefore advises obtaining written permission from acknowledged individuals and describing their actual contributions. This is different from asking them to accept authorship accountability. Use precise descriptions such as technical editing or scientific advice rather than vague labels that exaggerate involvement. Permission to use a name does not establish eligibility for the author byline.
Apply it
A consultant supplied a limited methodological comment but disagrees with the final interpretation. Before naming the consultant, the corresponding author seeks written acknowledgment permission and proposes wording that accurately describes the contribution without implying authorship.
Common pitfall: A prior working relationship is not permission to acknowledge someone. Nor does acknowledgment permission demonstrate agreement to the full responsibilities associated with authorship.
45.How do study funding and author disclosures differ?
A funding statement identifies direct support for the reported work, including appropriately identified support for an individual’s contribution. Author disclosures cover relationships and activities that could influence, or appear to influence, judgment and extend beyond that direct support. Keep these categories accurate rather than placing every relationship in the study-funding statement. Readers need both who supported the work and relevant information about the people interpreting and presenting it.
Apply it
A foundation funded the study, while one author consults for a manufacturer in the same field. The manuscript identifies the foundation as study funder and reports the consultancy in the author’s relationship disclosure rather than naming it as study funding.
Common pitfall: No industry funding does not mean no relationships to disclose. Conversely, listing a relationship as study funding can falsely imply that it supported the research.
ICMJE — Disclosure of Relationships, Activities, and Conflicts of Interest
46.Which nonfinancial relationships may require disclosure?
Potentially relevant interests extend beyond payments and employment. Personal relationships, rivalries, academic competition, and strongly held intellectual positions can influence judgment or perceptions of impartiality. Apply the journal’s disclosure requirements and provide enough information for readers or editors to evaluate relevance. Disclosure does not prove that bias occurred, and having a relationship does not automatically invalidate the work. Transparency allows informed assessment rather than leaving relevance entirely to the contributor’s private judgment.
Apply it
An invited reviewer has a close personal relationship with a study author and is competing on the same scientific question. The reviewer informs the editor so suitability can be assessed rather than declaring no conflict because no money changed hands.
Common pitfall: Financial-only screening misses important interests. Disclosure is also not a blanket remedy when a relationship makes independent review inappropriate and recusal is needed.
ICMJE — Disclosure of Relationships, Activities, and Conflicts of Interest
47.When can compensated contributions remain compatible with authorship?
Reasonable compensation for genuine publication-related work does not automatically disqualify someone from authorship. The GPP FAQ distinguishes compensation for time and expertise from paying an unqualified person merely to lend their name. Assess actual contributions against authorship criteria, the reasonableness and purpose of payment, disclosure, and applicable legal and organizational requirements. Patient participants and advocates may also receive appropriate compensation for publication activities within those boundaries.
Apply it
A patient advocate receives reasonable compensation for substantial interpretation and critical review, then approves the paper and accepts accountability. The team assesses authorship using the same criteria while checking the payment arrangement against applicable rules.
Common pitfall: Payment neither purchases authorship nor automatically prevents it. A generous fee for name placement remains problematic even when described as an advisory service.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors
48.Why protect authors’ independence from sponsors?
Authors should avoid agreements that obstruct access to study data or independent analysis, interpretation, and preparation and publication of manuscripts. Sponsor involvement and support must be transparent, but disclosure does not legitimize control that undermines scientific independence. Distinguish legitimate factual, confidentiality, and procedural review from an arrangement permitting suppression of unwelcome findings or dictating where authors may publish. Scientific rigor must remain independent of commercial preferences.
Apply it
A proposed agreement allows a sponsor to block publication whenever results could harm sales. The author group requests removal of that restriction and explicit data-access provisions before accepting the publication arrangement and beginning manuscript development.
Common pitfall: Disclosure of sponsor control does not make that control acceptable. A transparent contract can still interfere with independent reporting and authors’ scientific responsibilities.
ICMJE — Disclosure of Relationships, Activities, and Conflicts of Interest · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
49.How does selective outcome reporting distort evidence?
Selective reporting occurs when the choice or prominence of results depends on their desirability rather than a faithful account of the study question and findings. Omitting an unfavourable primary outcome while highlighting a favourable exploratory result can misrepresent the study even if every displayed number is correct. Preserve the distinction between primary, secondary, and exploratory analyses, report important limitations, and support timely dissemination regardless of outcome. Numerical accuracy alone is not complete scientific integrity.
Apply it
A draft abstract highlights an exploratory benefit but never states that the primary outcome was inconclusive. The reviewer asks authors to restore the primary finding and accurately qualify the additional analysis in the abstract and main report.
Common pitfall: Truthful individual statements can create a misleading overall report. Accuracy requires appropriate selection, context, and emphasis as well as correct transcription of numbers.
ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019 · ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
50.When must a clinical trial be registered for ICMJE consideration?
ICMJE recommends public registration at or before first participant consent for enrolment as a condition of considering clinical trial reports. Its definition includes prospective assignment to a health-related intervention to study a health outcome, with or without a comparison group. Registration is therefore not limited to randomized drug trials. Late registration should be disclosed accurately; retrospective entry does not erase the delay, and editorial exceptions should be rare.
Apply it
A single-group study prospectively assigns participants to an educational intervention and measures a health outcome. The publication professional recognizes that the ICMJE trial definition can apply and checks registration timing against first consent rather than waiting for manuscript submission.
Common pitfall: Having no randomization or control group does not automatically make a study observational. Registration after results are known cannot be represented as prospective registration.
51.What must a clinical trial data-sharing statement explain?
An ICMJE data-sharing statement specifies whether deidentified participant data will be shared, which data and related documents, when and for how long they will be available, and the criteria and mechanism for access. An undecided answer is insufficient. Distinguish the requirement to provide a statement from a claim that every dataset must be openly downloadable. The statement and applicable registry plan should remain consistent, with changes explained and records updated.
Apply it
A manuscript promises that data may be available on request but gives no timing or access criteria. The coordinator asks authors to define the actual sharing decision, available materials, period, eligible requests, and application mechanism before submission.
Common pitfall: A vague willingness to consider requests is not a complete statement. Transparency about sharing also requires attention to participant confidentiality and applicable access restrictions.
52.How does acceptable secondary publication differ from duplicate submission?
Simultaneous submission of the same manuscript to multiple journals is inappropriate because it duplicates editorial work and can create competing publication claims. Acceptable secondary publication requires approval from both journals’ editors, and the secondary editor must have access to the primary version. The primary publication’s priority must be respected through a publication interval negotiated by the editors and authors. The secondary version must address a different readership and faithfully reflect the primary publication’s authors, data, and interpretations; an abridged version may suffice. It must inform readers, reviewers, and indexing agencies that the material has previously been published, in whole or in part, and cite the primary reference. Its title must identify it as a secondary publication, such as a republication or translation.
Apply it
Authors propose translating a published guideline for another readership. They obtain both editors’ approval, provide the primary version to the secondary editor, and negotiate the publication interval with the editors. They compare the translation with the primary publication to verify faithful representation of its authors, data, and interpretations. For example, replacing the primary authors with the translators would fail the author-fidelity condition even if the numerical results remained unchanged. The title explicitly identifies the article as a translation, and a title-page footnote explains its relationship to the original and supplies the primary reference.
Common pitfall: Translation alone does not authorize republication. Citation and translation labeling do not establish that the secondary version faithfully reflects the primary publication’s authors, data, and interpretations; each must be checked. Citing the original within the article also does not replace identifying the secondary publication in its title. A different readership, fidelity to the primary authors and content, editorial approvals, secondary-editor access to the primary version, and an agreed publication interval must accompany transparent labeling.
53.When can one dataset support multiple papers?
Multiple manuscripts from one dataset can be appropriate when they make substantial additional contributions, such as addressing genuinely different research questions or complementary analyses. Explain how each differs, cite related publications, and disclose relevant overlap to editors. Secondary analyses of trial data should identify their status and use the relevant trial registration and dataset identifiers. Merely changing the title, audience, or order of results does not create a distinct scientific contribution.
Apply it
A trial’s primary paper reports its main clinical outcome. A proposed secondary paper examines a distinct prespecified patient-reported outcome question with substantial additional analysis. The team explains the relationship, cites the primary report, and retains the trial identifier.
Common pitfall: Different endpoints do not automatically justify separate papers. The added scientific contribution and transparent relationship matter more than the number of available tables.
54.How should preprints be handled transparently?
Before posting, assess scientific or public health need and the intended journal’s policy. GPP’s FAQ cautions against routine clinical-data preprinting and calls for careful consideration; it does not prohibit every preprint. ICMJE expects clear identification of unreviewed status, appropriate disclosures, journal notification, and links to subsequent publication. A preprint can provide early access, but it does not acquire peer-reviewed status merely because readers can download or cite it.
Apply it
Authors decide a justified preprint is appropriate and compatible with their target journal. They choose an archive that identifies unreviewed work, supply disclosures, notify the journal with a link, and later connect the preprint to the published article.
Common pitfall: Preprints are neither universally forbidden nor automatically acceptable everywhere. Their status, justification, version relationships, disclosures, and destination policies all affect responsible use.
ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions · ICMJE — Overlapping Publications
55.How should references protect accuracy and attribution?
Cite sources that support the exact associated statement and prefer original research where appropriate. Verify bibliographic details and check whether referenced work has been corrected or retracted. Proper attribution also requires distinguishing quotation from paraphrase and avoiding uncredited reuse. A reference’s presence does not prove that the cited finding is applicable to the manuscript’s population or claim. Reference checking therefore examines both citation accuracy and the relationship between evidence and wording.
Apply it
A review cites a small observational study as proof of a universal causal benefit. The writer checks the original paper, narrows the claim to the evidence actually reported, and confirms that the source has no relevant correction or retraction.
Common pitfall: Copying a citation from another article can propagate an error. A correctly formatted reference may still fail to support the statement attached to it.
ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
56.Which rights govern reuse of published material?
Publication arrangements can involve copyright transfer, a publication licence, or retained copyright with a specified licence. Determine the terms applying to the particular article and material, including whether a third-party figure has separate restrictions. Citation supplies attribution but does not itself grant reuse rights. Before reproducing or adapting material, establish whether the applicable terms permit the intended use and whether additional permission or required credit wording is necessary.
Apply it
An author wants to reuse a figure from an accessible online article in a new manuscript. The coordinator checks that figure’s credit line and applicable licence rather than assuming free access or the author’s involvement provides unrestricted permission.
Common pitfall: Free to read does not automatically mean free to reuse. Rights can also differ between an article’s original content and separately credited third-party material.
57.Why are manuscripts and reviews confidential?
Submitted manuscripts are privileged communications containing authors’ confidential work. Editors and reviewers must protect their content and associated review information, and reviewers must not appropriate unpublished ideas or use them for personal advantage. Sharing with colleagues or external tools can breach confidentiality even when intended to improve a review. Apply the journal’s permission and confidentiality arrangements before any additional access. Confidentiality responsibilities extend beyond keeping the manuscript’s title out of public discussion.
Apply it
A reviewer wants help interpreting an unpublished analysis and proposes sending the full manuscript to an outside colleague. The reviewer first seeks the editor’s authorization and follows the journal’s confidentiality process rather than forwarding the file informally.
Common pitfall: A helpful intention does not authorize disclosure. Unpublished results, reviewer comments, and manuscript status can all be confidential even without identifying participant information.
ICMJE — Responsibilities in the Submission and Peer-Review Process
58.How can authors assess a potentially deceptive journal?
Evaluate a journal’s actual integrity, history, editorial practices, reputation, and transparency. Verify claims about indexing, organizational affiliations, peer review, and fees rather than accepting website badges or an invitation at face value. ICMJE warns that deceptive journals may imitate established titles and claim standards they do not follow. Neither an article-processing charge nor open access alone establishes deception; the decisive issue is whether the journal’s representations and practices are credible.
Apply it
An unfamiliar journal promises acceptance within two days and claims ICMJE membership. The publication professional verifies the claim and investigates editorial procedures and fees before recommending submission, rather than relying on the invitation’s professional appearance.
Common pitfall: Charging a fee does not by itself identify a deceptive journal. Conversely, a polished website and familiar organizational logos do not verify credible peer review.
ICMJE — Responsibilities in the Submission and Peer-Review Process · ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
59.When does a published error require correction?
A factual error present at publication requires transparent correction when detected. Notify the journal with the verified error, corrected information, and assessment of its implications. ICMJE describes a linked correction notice, a dated updated version, and preservation of earlier versions. Debate or evolving scientific understanding is different from correcting an original factual mistake. Errors invalidating results may require a more substantial editorial response than a routine correction, depending on their nature and impact.
Apply it
An author discovers that a published table transposed two sample sizes, while verified analyses and conclusions remain unchanged. The author informs the journal and provides corrected values and the impact assessment so the record can be corrected transparently.
Common pitfall: Silently replacing a PDF hides the publication history. Conversely, a factual error does not automatically require retraction when an appropriate correction preserves valid findings.
60.How should authors take responsibility for AI-assisted work?
ICMJE requires disclosure of AI-assisted technology used in submitted work, with the nature of use described in the cover letter and appropriate manuscript section. Writing assistance belongs in acknowledgments; research methods using AI require methodological description. AI tools cannot qualify as authors because they cannot accept authorship accountability. Human authors must check accuracy, originality, attribution, and possible bias. Plausible wording or a generated citation is not a substitute for verified evidence.
Apply it
Authors use an AI tool to improve language and produce an initial figure description. They verify the content and references, correct misleading wording, disclose the assistance appropriately, and retain responsibility for every claim in the submitted manuscript.
Common pitfall: Disclosure does not validate erroneous content or permit AI authorship. Human review must establish that the final work is accurate, properly attributed, and scientifically supportable.
ICMJE — Use of AI by Authors · ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors
What to focus on during revision
The following are CertMedbry study suggestions. Use the official outline to check the full scope of your examination.
- Give equal study attention to planning, implementation, and ethical conduct; use the complete official outline to check duties beyond these 60 lessons.
- Practise tracing a publication from audience need and scientific question to supporting data, tactic, responsible contributors, and measurable objective.
- Distinguish observed association from causal interpretation, primary from exploratory analyses, and effect magnitude from statistical significance.
- Rehearse the boundaries between writer quality control, author data verification, individual final approval, and corresponding-author coordination.
- Compare authorship, acknowledgment, funding, relationships, compensation, and sponsor involvement as separate decisions.
- Resolve overlap, registration, data-sharing, preprint, copyright, confidentiality, correction, and AI scenarios using the relevant primary standard.
A practical preparation plan
1. Map the full official scope
Read section 6.1 of the August 2026 handbook and the linked 2026 study guide. Mark each duty as familiar, partially familiar, or unfamiliar. Allocate initial study time equally across the three domains, then target demonstrated gaps.
2. Build a defensible publication plan
Use a hypothetical programme to create a landscape question, data inventory, audience-needs assessment, scoped objectives, committee rationale, and tactical schedule. For every proposed output, explain its scientific contribution and its dependencies.
3. Audit a manuscript workflow
Follow one manuscript through contributor engagement, evidence-linked drafting, reporting guidance, numerical checks, review resolution, final approval, and submission. Explain who decides, who verifies, and which version each decision concerns.
4. Contrast closely related ethical rules
Create paired examples for authorship versus acknowledgment, funding versus disclosure, compensation versus guest authorship, secondary analysis versus duplication, and correction versus scientific debate. State the decisive criterion in each pair.
5. Use questions to diagnose reasoning
Answer the 20 questions before reading explanations. For every option, identify the fact that supports or defeats it. Record the underlying rule behind each error rather than memorizing the answer’s position.
6. Consolidate and update
Use the flashcards for spaced recall and revisit missed concepts with the cited primary source. Review changing journal, congress, AI, and disclosure requirements, and check current issuer logistics separately before scheduling.
Use your sample score as a starting point
The free set contains 20 original practice questions. It is a small learning sample, not an official examination or a validated pass prediction. Review each explanation and its source before moving to another topic.
Start the free sampleOfficial sources and updates
- ISMPP — Examination Details and Preparation
- CMPP Candidate Handbook — Updated August 2026
- ISMPP CMPP Study Resources and Practice Tests
- CMPP Certification Examination Study Guide — 2026 linked file
- ISMPP Code of Ethics — Revised January 29, 2019
- ISMPP — GPP 2022 Guidelines
- ISMPP — GPP 2022 Frequently Asked Questions
- ISMPP — Enhanced Communications: Digital, Visual, and Accessibility Innovations
- ICMJE — Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors
- ICMJE — Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal
- ICMJE — Disclosure of Relationships, Activities, and Conflicts of Interest
- ICMJE — Responsibilities in the Submission and Peer-Review Process
- ICMJE — Overlapping Publications
- ICMJE — Clinical Trials
- ICMJE — Corrections and Version Control
- ICMJE — Copyright
- ICMJE — Use of AI by Authors
- STROBE — Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
- PRISMA 2020 Statement
- CDC Field Epidemiology Manual — Analyzing and Interpreting Data
- PRISMA 2020 flow diagram — PRISMA statement
- PRISMA_2020_expanded_checklist-rp3l.pdf
Confirm current eligibility, fees, scheduling and policies directly with the examination provider. CertMedbry is independent and is not endorsed by these organisations. How we handle content and corrections.